Natural Sex Reversal in Oreochromis niloticus Using Moringa oleifera Seed Extract: An Eco-Friendly Approach

Abstract

In a 60-day immersion experiment, this study examined the environmentally friendly natural sex reversal method in Oreochromis niloticus using Moringa oleifera seed extract (ASEM). By applying ASEM to induce sex reversal, the study sought to provide a natural substitute for artificial hormones in aquaculture. Seeds of M. oleifera were obtained from a local market in Ondo State, Nigeria, and processed into an aqueous extract. Three-day-old Nile tilapia fry (average weight 0.03 ± 0.02 g) were randomly allocated to three treatment groups at 0.00 g/L (control), 0.25 g/L, and 0.50 g/L ASEM, and exposed to varying doses. Treatments were replicated in glass aquariums (45 × 45 × 30 cm), each containing 15 fry. Fish were fed commercial feed three times daily to satiation. Water quality parameters (temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen) were monitored and maintained within optimal ranges for tilapia culture. Sexing at the conclusion of the experiment was performed using the aceto-carmine squash method. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's New Multiple Range Test at a 5% significance level (P = 0.05). The results indicated that the male population increased significantly across treatment groups compared to the control (P < 0.05), with the 0.50 g/L treatment achieving the highest male ratio (80.95%). Findings suggest that M. oleifera seed extract provides a cost-effective, environmentally sustainable, and efficient alternative to synthetic hormones in producing monosex male tilapia, thereby supporting sustainable aquaculture practices.