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Production and Proximate Analysis of Okpei (Prosopis africana) Seed Condiment
A condiment is an edible substance that is added to some foods to impart or enhance its flavour or texture. This study aimed to determine the nutritional quality of Ogiri-okpei. The production and evaluation of Ogiri-okpei (*Prosopis africana*) seed condiment were studied. The cooked cotyledons were wrapped in small portions (30g) with blanched plantain leaves. The wrapped samples were fermented in a container for 135 days. Enumeration and identification of microorganisms in the Ogiri-okpei sample were carried out employing standard methods. The effects of fermentation time on the proximate composition and mineral content of the Ogiri-okpei sample were also evaluated. The phytochemicals and nutritional quality of the Ogiri-okpei (*Prosopis africana*) sample were determined. Bacterial isolates were identified as *Bacillus* species, *Micrococcus* species, *Lactobacillus* species, and *Staphylococcus aureus*. A comparison of the proximate composition of unfermented Ogiri-okpei with a five-day fermented Ogiri-okpei sample showed the following: moisture (3.72% and 21.98%), ash (6.33% and 3.3%), fat (19.08% and 20.34%), fibre (11.31% and 8.24%), protein (30.32% and 34.12%), and carbohydrate (29.35% and 12.06%), respectively. The unfermented Ogiri-okpei sample had the lowest amounts of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium, while the highest amounts were observed in fermented samples after fermentation. Fermentation time significantly decreased carbohydrate, ash, and fibre but increased fat, moisture, and protein. Alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, resins, and phenols were present. Saponin content was very high compared to other phytochemicals. Generally, it showed that the okpei sample possesses immense microbiological and nutritional benefits.
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Androgenic Potentials of Indian Spinach (Basella alba) Aqueous Leaf Extract for Production of All-Male Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
The precocious maturity and unregulated reproduction of tilapia result in stunted growth and low commercial value, making it difficult for fish farmers to raise them to table size. This study was conducted to assess the androgenic potentials of Indian spinach (Basella alba) aqueous leaf extract (ALEB) for the production of all-male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). An experiment was set up for 60 days to evaluate the efficacy of ALEB in the masculinisation of tilapia to address this challenge. A total of 225 O. niloticus fry were stocked in 15 rectangular tanks (45 cm × 45 cm × 30 cm). Five treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5: 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 g/l) were applied, with each treatment triplicated. ALEB was prepared by boiling 18 g of powder in 1500 ml of distilled water for 30 minutes and filtering with Whatman No. 1 filter paper. Fresh solutions were prepared weekly.
Ginger powder and its extract as potential bio-preservative in packaged dika kernel flour
Ginger powder and ginger extract possess high phenolic content, giving them strong bio-preservative potential (Mao et al., 2019). This study investigated the effectiveness of ginger powder and ginger extract as preservatives for packaged dika kernel flour to extend shelf life. Dika kernel flour, ginger powder, and ginger extract were prepared using standard methods, while butylated hydroxyl toluene served as the positive control. Samples were stored and analysed monthly for three months to assess antioxidant activity, free fatty acid content, peroxide value, and fatty acid profile. Total polyphenol content decreased during storage regardless of preservative or packaging material. However, dika flour preserved with ginger extract in laminated aluminium pouches showed the least reduction in total phenolic content (10.94%) after 12 weeks. The highest DPPH radical scavenging stability (98.18%) was also recorded for ginger-extract-treated flour stored in laminated pouches. Overall, ginger extract and ginger powder significantly reduced antioxidant loss in stored dika kernel flour, demonstrating their effectiveness as natural preservatives.
Tomato paste production from Solanum Lycopersicon, microorganisms associated and shelf-life extension through biopreservation method
Tomatoes are major ingredients in many dishes worldwide, and Solanum lycopersicum is widely utilised in Africa. This study investigated tomato paste production, microorganisms associated with spoilage, and shelf-life extension using biological materials. Fresh tomato fruits were processed into paste using standard methods, and spoilage was monitored. Preservation treatments included 1 ml lemon juice, 1 ml vinegar, and 10 ml vegetable oil, while the control received 1 ml distilled water. Microorganisms were isolated and identified using standard microbiological techniques, and proximate analysis was conducted. Results showed that spoilage of ripened tomato fruits began on day four at room temperature, with complete deterioration by day 28. Klebsiella aerogenes and Rhizopus stolonifer were identified as spoilage organisms. Tomato paste preserved with vegetable oil retained nutritional quality best, with crude protein values of 1.93% (day 1) and 2.3% (day 28), and carbohydrate values of 4.28% and 5.71%. Vinegar and lemon juice were ineffective, showing early degradation and discoloration. Vegetable oil is recommended for effective biopreservation and shelf-life extension.
Antibacterial Efficacy of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Pear (Pyrus communis) Leaves Against Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Infected Africa Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens in aquaculture has heightened the need for natural alternatives. This study investigates the antibacterial activity of both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of pear (Pyrus communis) leaves against bacterial isolates obtained from infected African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Diseased fish were collected from multiple farms in Ondo State, Nigeria. Pathogens such as Aeromonas hydrophila, Streptomycetes spp., and Flavobacterium spp. were isolated from infected tissues. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts were prepared and tested using the agar well diffusion method. The ethanolic extract exhibited significantly higher antibacterial activity across all concentrations (100, 200, and 400 mg/mL), with inhibition zones ranging from 12.2 ± 0.2 mm to 24.7 ± 0.2 mm. Streptomycetes showed the highest sensitivity to both extracts, while Flavobacterium displayed the lowest. The results affirm the potential of Pyrus communis leaf extracts as effective antimicrobial agents in aquaculture and support the integration of plant-based therapies for sustainable fish health management.
Effect of Fermentation on the Proximate and Antinutrient Composition of Banana Peels Fermented with Apergillus niger and Bacillus subtilis
This research investigated the effect of solid-state fermentation on the proximate and antinutrient content of banana peels using pure strains of Aspergillus niger and Bacillus subtilis, with uninoculated peels as a control. Microbial load, pH, temperature, total titratable acidity, and antinutrient composition were monitored. Fermentation significantly altered proximate composition (p < 0.05) compared to unfermented peels. Bacillus subtilis increased carbohydrate (34.614%) and protein (15.495%) while decreasing fat (9.420%). Conversely, Aspergillus niger fermentation significantly increased fat content (22.823%) and energy value (1256.293 KJ/g), but reduced ash (10.635%), moisture (6.477%), and protein (3.571%). Fermentation significantly decreased (p < 0.05) oxalate, phenol, and cyanogenic glycoside content in samples. Phytate and tannin content varied between Aspergillus niger and Bacillus subtilis-fermented samples. Banana peels fermented with Bacillus subtilis exhibited the best nutritional composition, making them suitable as an animal feed substitute. Aspergillus niger-fermented banana peels are ideal for animals requiring higher fat and energy, such as pigs.
Natural Sex Reversal in Oreochromis niloticus Using Moringa oleifera Seed Extract: An Eco-Friendly Approach
In a 60-day immersion experiment, this study examined the environmentally friendly natural sex reversal method in Oreochromis niloticus using Moringa oleifera seed extract (ASEM). By applying ASEM to induce sex reversal, the study sought to provide a natural substitute for artificial hormones in aquaculture. Seeds of M. oleifera were obtained from a local market in Ondo State, Nigeria, and processed into an aqueous extract. Three-day-old Nile tilapia fry (average weight 0.03 ± 0.02 g) were randomly allocated to three treatment groups at 0.00 g/L (control), 0.25 g/L, and 0.50 g/L ASEM, and exposed to varying doses. Treatments were replicated in glass aquariums (45 × 45 × 30 cm), each containing 15 fry. Fish were fed commercial feed three times daily to satiation. Water quality parameters (temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen) were monitored and maintained within optimal ranges for tilapia culture. Sexing at the conclusion of the experiment was performed using the aceto-carmine squash method. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's New Multiple Range Test at a 5% significance level (P = 0.05). The results indicated that the male population increased significantly across treatment groups compared to the control (P < 0.05), with the 0.50 g/L treatment achieving the highest male ratio (80.95%). Findings suggest that M. oleifera seed extract provides a cost-effective, environmentally sustainable, and efficient alternative to synthetic hormones in producing monosex male tilapia, thereby supporting sustainable aquaculture practices.
Comparative Effect of Bio-Preservatives and Chemical Preservative on Microbial Load of Stored Dika Kernel Flour
This study evaluated the bacterial and fungal load of dika kernel flour preserved with ginger powder and ginger extract to extend shelf life. Ginger powder and crude polyphenol extract were obtained from dried ginger, while ginger extract, ginger powder, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were incorporated into dika kernel flour at 7.5%, 7.5%, and 2.5% (w/w), respectively. Total viable and fungal counts were determined using the pour-plate method over 12 weeks. Total viable counts in biopreserved samples increased from 0.56–1.65 log cfu/g (week 0) to 4.01–4.56 log cfu/g (week 12), while BHT-treated samples increased from 1.49 to 4.31 log cfu/g. Fungal counts ranged from 1.23–1.65 to 3.94–4.45 log cfu/g for biopreservatives and up to 4.26 log cfu/g for BHT. Significant reductions in bacterial and fungal loads were observed in preserved samples. Ginger powder and extract effectively reduced microbial growth during storage.
Utilization of Moringa oleifera extracts in postharvest disease management of yam (Dioscorea rotundata)
Yams are widely used as food and livestock feed, and their availability could help address hunger affecting over one billion people in developing nations. Postharvest losses caused by plant diseases are among the most costly. This study monitored yam tuber spoilage, isolated spoilage pathogens, and evaluated the efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaf, seed, and bark extracts. Pathogenic microorganisms were isolated and identified using standard procedures. Moringa oleifera samples collected from the Wesley University ethnobotanical garden were shade-dried for 21 days. Ten grams of each plant part were extracted in 100 ml of hot water and allowed to stand for one hour. Extract efficacy was tested on nutrient agar and potato dextrose agar and validated in vivo on infected yam tubers. Fungal isolates included Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Rhizopus stolonifer, and Mucor mucedo, while bacterial isolates included Bacillus, Erwinia, Micrococcus, and Staphylococcus species. The moringa leaf extract showed the highest inhibition (22 mm). Moringa leaf and bark extracts are effective biocontrol agents against postharvest yam spoilage.
Pharmacological and Therapeutic Potentials of Garcinia kola
Garcinia kola is a flowering plant which produces brown, nut-like seeds and belongs to a family of tropical plants known as Clusiaceae or Guttiferae. It is native to Western and Central Africa and is commonly referred to as a "wonder plant" because all of its parts have been shown to have medicinal properties. Although various reports have documented uses for all parts of the plant (nuts/seed, leaf, stem, bark, and root), the nuts (bitter kola) are still the most commonly used part of the plant. According to ethnobotanical claims, traditional medical practitioners utilise the seed for preventive measures against menstrual pain, reflux, heart conditions, gastroenteritis, cough, dental and oral hygiene, and so on. The phytochemical constituents found in the G. kola plant, such as alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, phenols, sterols, proteins, and sugars, are reported to be responsible for the numerous pharmacological and therapeutic potentials of the plant. Based on numerous scientific reports, these potentials include anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, anti inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-hypertensive activities, among others. The minerals found in bitter kola include phosphorus, iron, zinc, magnesium, potassium, and calcium. There are presently limited in vivo studies on some of the plant's pharmacological and therapeutic potentials, particularly its anticancer potentials. This review aims to provide information on the pharmacological and therapeutic potentials of Garcinia kola.
Immunostimulatory Effect of Garlic Powder (Allium sativum) on Growth and Haematological Parameter of Clariid Catfish (Claria gariepinus) Juveniles
*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="request-WEB:47acb45a-aeb2-454a-8566-2b7fc4307307-1" data-testid="conversation-turn-4" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> This study examined the immunostimulatory effects of garlic powder (Allium sativum) on growth performance, haematological parameters, immune response, and disease resistance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) juveniles. Garlic powder was incorporated into five experimental diets at inclusion levels of 2, 3, 4, and 5 g/kg, while a garlic-free diet served as the control. The 56-day feeding trial followed a completely randomized design, with 150 juveniles stocked in 10 tanks and fed twice daily at 5% body weight. Growth was monitored bi-weekly, and water quality was assessed weekly. After the trial, fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila to evaluate disease resistance. Haematological and biochemical parameters were analysed using standard methods. Fish fed 2 g/kg garlic (T1) showed the highest growth performance, while the control recorded the lowest. Haemoglobin, packed cell volume, and red blood cell counts decreased with increasing garlic inclusion, whereas white blood cell counts increased, peaking at 5 g/kg (T4). The lowest mortality rate occurred at 3 g/kg garlic inclusion (T2). Overall, moderate garlic supplementation enhanced growth and disease resistance, while excessive inclusion may impair immune defence.
An Assessment of Room Design, Spatial Organisation, and Facility Provision in Resort Hotels in Lagos State
This study assessed the room design, spatial organisation, and facility provision in resort hotels across Lagos State, Nigeria. With the increasing demand for leisure and hospitality services, the spatial quality and functional planning of resort environments have become critical to user satisfaction and operational efficiency. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected through field observations, architectural plan reviews, and structured interviews with facility managers in selected resorts. Key variables examined include room typology, circulation patterns, zoning of private and public areas, and the availability of recreational and support facilities. The findings reveal significant variation in design quality and space utilisation among the resorts, with many lacking standardised design principles that promote comfort, accessibility, and sustainability. Poor separation of service and guest zones was common, affecting privacy and operational flow. The study concluded that improved design standards and regulatory oversight are essential for enhancing resort hotel performance and user experience in Lagos State. Recommendations are made for adopting user-centred design principles and integrating modern spatial planning practices in future resort developments.
Gender Difference in Mathematics Values and Orientation as Predictors of Academic Achievement Among Senior Secondary 1 Students in Southwest Nigeria
This study investigated gender differences in mathematics values and value orientation as predictors of academic achievement among secondary school students in Nigeria. A total of 847 students participated in the study. Descriptive statistics revealed a mean mathematics achievement score of 16.56 (SD = 9.92), with average mathematics values and value orientation scores of 96.06 (SD = 24.67) and 96.30 (SD = 23.27), respectively. A Spearman's rank-order correlation indicated a statistically significant, moderate positive relationship between value orientation and mathematics achievement, Ã (847) = .234, p < .001. While the correlation was modest, it suggests that students who place greater value on education tend to perform better in mathematics. Gender-based analysis (not detailed here) further emphasised the role of values in academic performance. The study concludes that enhancing students' educational values can contribute to improved achievement. It is recommended that schools adopt value-based learning strategies and promote positive attitudes toward mathematics to foster academic success across gender lines.
Menstrual Disorders and Care Options Among Female Students of Kwara State College of Health Technology, Offa, Kwara State
The menstrual cycle is an important indicator of normal development, beginning at menarche, and menstrual disorders can have significant physical and psychological effects. These conditions often contribute to school absenteeism and challenges for adolescents and their families. This study assessed menstrual disorders and care options among female students of Kwara State College of Health Technology, Offa. A descriptive cross-sectional design was adopted, involving 408 female students selected through a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using a self-structured questionnaire and analysed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22, with results presented using frequency distribution tables.Findings showed that 48% of respondents were 200-level students, 78% were from monogamous families, and 95% belonged to the Yoruba ethnic group. Approximately 80% of participants experienced lower abdominal pain and facial skin changes, had menstrual flow lasting 2–7 days, and reported cycle lengths of 24–38 days. Additionally, 43% experienced nausea and vomiting. Regarding management practices, 68.4% of respondents sought medical care and frequently visited hospitals to cope with menstrual disorders. Age was significantly associated with menstrual regularity (χ² = 38.063, p < 0.001). The predominant care options adopted included the use of medications and food faddism. The study recommends the provision of comprehensive menstrual hygiene education through inclusive curricula by the government to support adolescent health and wellbeing.
The Role of AI in Crafting Phishing Emails: A Nigerian Political Case Study
This study investigates the growing threat of AI-generated phishing attacks targeting Nigerian public officials, particularly in the context of rising digital communication within governance. Leveraging a quantitative research approach, 120 responses were analysed from a structured survey distributed across major government institutions. The study found high awareness of phishing among respondents (88.9%; Ç ² = 73.64, p < 0.001) but moderate ability to detect AI generated emails (44.4%; Ç ² = 25.36, p < 0.001). Although 66.7% had received suspicious emails ( Ç ² = 13.34, p < 0.001), only 33.3% had formal training ( Ç ² = 13.34, p < 0.001). Institutional preparedness was weak, with limited reporting processes and reliance on basic spam filters ( Ç ² = 106.69, p < 0.001). These results reveal a significant gap between awareness and readiness, underscoring the need for training and AI-driven security measures. Common vulnerabilities include outdated spam filters, lack of reporting channels, and low usage of AI detection systems. The study concludes that Nigerian institutions must adopt proactive, AI-centric cybersecurity strategies to mitigate rising threats posed by generative phishing campaigns.
Innovative Assessment Strategies for Enhancing Sustainability Competence in SDG 4 Education: A Framework for Measuring Knowledge, Skills, and Attitude in Holistic Learning Environments
Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4) strongly emphasises developing the skills necessary for sustainable living, alongside providing access to high-quality education. This paper examines innovative assessment techniques for improving sustainability competence in holistic learning settings. Project-based learning, digital portfolios, gamification, and peer/self-assessment are among the strategies explored as efficient means of assessing attitudes, skills, and knowledge. These strategies are grounded in the theoretical underpinnings of constructivist and experiential learning. These assessment methods are offered as substitutes for conventional tests, addressing gaps in the assessment of reflective practise, teamwork, and critical thinking. This discussion focuses on the frameworks' scalability, acceptance challenges, and their incorporation into education and policy. Improved student involvement and alignment with global sustainability skills are among the practical implications, and further study is urged to enhance assessment methods for a range of educational environments. This study emphasises the importance of education in preparing students for sustainable futures by connecting cutting-edge assessment methods to SDG 4.
Digital Literacy and Socio-Emotional Development in Nigeria Early Childhood Education
This qualitative case study explores the interplay between digital literacy and socio-emotional development in early childhood education within the Nigerian context. Framed within contemporary pedagogical discourse, the study investigates how digital tools4when thoughtfully integrated4can foster critical socio-emotional skills such as empathy, co-operation, and conflict resolution among young learners. Findings highlight the capacity of interactive media to enhance children's engagement and promote emotional intelligence, particularly when guided by pedagogically deliberate, well-trained teachers who systematically plan digital activities to target specific socio-emotional learning outcomes, monitor their developmental impact, and adapt their instructional approaches based on observed student responses. However, the research also draws attention to systemic challenges that inhibit the equitable implementation of digital literacy, including pronounced disparities in technological access, infrastructural limitations in schools, and a pressing need for sustained teacher training and professional development. These findings underscore a dual imperative: harnessing the transformative potential of digital tools for early socio-emotional learning, whilst also addressing structural barriers that risk widening educational inequities. The study concludes with a call for inclusive policy action and investment in educator capacity-building to ensure that digital innovation in early childhood education serves all learners equitably. In doing so, it contributes meaningfully to the ongoing discourse on child development and digital pedagogy, offering both critical insight and practical direction for educational reform in Nigeria and comparable contexts.
The Effect of Modelling Instructional Strategies on English Language Achievement of Primary School Pupils'
The problem of low achievement in public examinations and the poor ranking of Nigerian public primary schools in international learning assessments has been attributed to several factors, including poor foundation in English Language. This study was designed as an intervention involving three teaching strategies associated with variations in English Language achievement. A pretest–posttest control group design was adopted in a quasi-experimental setting with three treatment levels: modelling, picture-based, and conventional teaching. The sample consisted of 360 pupils randomly selected from six purposively chosen public primary schools in Ile, comprising three urban and three peri-urban schools. Intact classes were randomly assigned to the study conditions. The ten-week study covered reading comprehension, lexis, and structure, and pupils practised expressing ideas orally and in structured statements patterned after trained experts. The English Language Achievement Test and a Teaching Guide were used as instruments. Analysis of covariance was conducted at the 0.05 level of significance. Results showed that instructional strategies had significant effects on English Language achievement (F(2,359) = 84.99, p < .05). Adjusted mean scores were highest for modelling (10.067), followed by picture-based (7.667) and conventional strategies (5.142). Effects varied by school location. The study showed that modelling strategy was superior in promoting higher achievement and positive attitude change.
A Child-Centered Design for Pediatric Healthcare in Ilesha, Nigeria: A Contextual Case Study Approach
The quality of the physical environment in pediatric healthcare facilities has a profound impact on children's recovery, emotional well-being, and overall treatment outcomes. In Ilesha, Osun State, Nigeria, pediatric healthcare delivery is constrained by outdated infrastructure and the absence of child-focused design. This study presented a design-led case study that explored the development of a culturally and environmentally responsive pediatric healthcare facility, aimed at addressing spatial, functional, and psychosocial needs within this underserved context. Adopting a qualitative case study methodology, the research integrated site analysis, stakeholder consultations, and contextual assessment to inform a comprehensive architectural design process. The proposed design incorporated key elements such as child-scaled furniture, interactive waiting areas, natural ventilation, optimized daylighting, and spatial zoning that enhanced safety, comfort, and wayfinding for patients and caregivers. The design also responded to the climatic conditions and sociocultural characteristics of the region, supporting sustainability and local relevance. The findings demonstrated the potential of user-centered, context-sensitive design in improving pediatric healthcare delivery in Ilesha city. This case contributed to the broader discourse on healthcare architecture in low- and middle-income settings, offering a replicable model for similar urban contexts. It highlights the role of architectural design in promoting healing, operational efficiency, and community engagement in pediatric health infrastructure.
Finding the Mathematical Connectivity of the Emotional Intelligence Skills through Numeracy Capability
This study investigated the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and numeracy capability among students with Basic School Leaving Certificates in the Central Senatorial District of Ondo State, Nigeria. Aligned with educational policies promoting foundational numeracy for holistic development, the study examined whether EI is mathematically connected to numeracy skills. A correlational survey design was adopted, involving 385 students selected through multi stage sampling. The research drew on Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, Mayer and Salovey's Ability Model, and Goleman's Emotional Intelligence Theory. Data were collected using a researcher-adapted Emotional Intelligence Scale and a numeracy test focussed on foundational number concepts. Pearson's Product-Moment Correlation showed a statistically significant but weak positive relationship between EI and numeracy (r = 0.118, p = 0.044). The effect size (Cohen's d = 0.238) indicated a small yet educationally meaningful impact. Contextual factors such as school location and educational background potentially moderated the relationship, with urban and private school students performing better overall. The findings align with existing literature linking emotional regulation, motivation, and self-awareness to academic achievement. The study concludes that EI contributes modestly to numeracy development, supporting the integration of Social-Emotional Learning (SEL) into mathematics education. Recommendations include SEL focussed policy, teacher training, and further research on moderating variables.
Factor Predicting Physical Activity and Health Responsibility among Middle-Aged Staff of Tertiary Institutions in Sout-West, Nigeria
Health responsibility enables an individual to achieve physical, mental, and social well-being. However, physical inactivity has become a global challenge, and that is why the World Health Organisation document for a global action plan on physical activity from 2018 to 2030, with the theme "More active people for a healthier world," is imperative. Physical activity and health responsibility are components of health-promoting behaviours that contribute to the overall health among various populations, including middle-aged staff. This study examined factors that predict physical activity and health responsibility among middle-aged staff of tertiary institutions in South-West, Nigeria.
Usability of Mathematics Value Scale (MaVscale) to Promote Learning in Secondary Schools for Innovative and Educational Development Sustainability
Developing and validating a Mathematics Value Scale (MaVscale) among senior secondary students has received minimal attention in previous research, which largely focused on the significance of Mathematics Value and its antecedent elements through survey and experimental studies. This study therefore aimed to establish the usability of the newly created MaVscale among Nigerian senior secondary students. The scale included dimensions such as basic, intelligence, reasoning, and problem-solving skills. Both Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) confirmed the suitability of MaVscale for usability. Fit indices were as follows: Standardised Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) = 0.04 (close to zero), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.94 (greater than 0.90), Goodness-of-Fit Index (GFI) = 0.91, Adjusted Goodness-of-Fit Index (AGFI) = 0.89, Normed Fit Index (NFI) = 0.92, Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0.95, and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.05. These results indicate that MaVscale is valid and reliable for measuring mathematics values. Hence, MaVscale is accepted as a usable tool for promoting learning in secondary schools, thereby fostering innovation and supporting educational development sustainability.
The Role of Digital Health Tools in Enhancing Sexual and Reproductive Health Services for Sustainable Development
There is growing global evidence that leveraging digital health tools can significantly enhance reproductive health services. The global digital sexual and reproductive health market was valued at USD 6.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 15.4 billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 13.1% (Virtue Market Research, 2024). Digital health tools are particularly useful in low-resource and underserved settings. These tools, including mobile health (mHealth), telemedicine, digital platforms, and health information systems, have the potential to bridge gaps by overcoming geographical barriers, reducing costs, and improving access to quality sexual and reproductive health services. This review examines the evidence on digital health tools in enhancing sexual and reproductive health services within the framework of sustainable development goals, particularly SDG 3.7 which aims to ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health services by 2030.
Populating School and Academic Libraries Holdings Through Culturally Responsive Materials in Some Selected Libraries in Southwest, Nigeria
This study investigates the critical cultural representation gap in academic libraries in Southwest, Nigeria. Findings reveal that 70-80% of collections consist of Western materials, while only 15-20% represent local cultural content. This imbalance significantly limits the cultural relevance and community engagement of library services, hindering the promotion of indigenous knowledge and contributing to cultural erosion. The urgency to address this is underscored by a 60% decline in practitioners of many Yoruba cultural festivals over the past two decades, emphasising the need for libraries to play a proactive role in cultural preservation. Culturally responsive materials are crucial; research shows students perform 23% better with relevant content (Walker, 2023), and library engagement increases 40% among minority populations (Library Trends Study, 2022). This study aims to propose strategies to bridge this gap and foster stronger community engagement. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, examining 10 selected academic libraries through content analysis of acquisition records and user surveys. Cultural responsiveness assessments had an inter rater reliability of 0.85, and survey reliability (Cronbach's Alpha) averaged 0.78. Insights from successful programmes like Ghana's "Adinkra Library Project" and Kenya's "Maasai Storytelling Initiative" demonstrate that culturally responsive collections increased library usage by 35% (African Library Journal, 2021), highlighting their vital role in cultural preservation and community connection.
Influence of Integrated Artificial Intelligence Models and Simulation Games Models on Students' Academic Achievement
This study addresses the need for innovative pedagogical tools by developing and evaluating the COBEKS Artificial Intelligence Model (CAI), an integrated AI model designed to enhance structured learning and address challenges associated with traditional teaching methods in Nigerian secondary education. While recognising concerns about uncontrolled AI use, the COBEKS model emphasises guided and interactive learning. A quasi-experimental, non-equivalent group design was employed, involving 500 SS2 students from four schools. Students were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. Pre-testing was conducted using the COBEKS Achievement Test (CAT) and the Challenges and Prospects Inventory Questionnaire (CPIQ), with reliability coefficients of 0.92 and 0.79, respectively. The intervention comprised five 45-minute sessions covering topics such as Artificial Intelligence, Simulation Games, Kidnapping, Rape, Drug Abuse, and Cultism. The experimental groups were taught using CAI and the Simulation Games Model (SGM), while the control group received instruction through the conventional lecture method. Data were analysed using means and standard deviations. Findings showed that CAI produced the highest academic gains, followed by SGM, both outperforming the conventional method in enhancing achievement and engagement. The study recommends integrating CAI and SGM into the senior secondary curriculum, supported by specialised training, adequate funding, and regular evaluation to sustain improved academic performance, particularly for low-achieving students.
Comparative Study on the Antioxidant Capacity of Aqueous Extract of Costus spicatus (jacq.) Leaf and Rhizomes
Antioxidants play an important role in inhibiting and scavenging free radicals, thus providing protection to humans against infection and degenerative diseases. Modern research is directed towards "natural antioxidants" from herbal plants due to their safe therapeutic. Costus spicatus is an herbaceous plant whose parts- leaves, rhizome, stem and roots are used locally because of its medicinal properties. The specific objective of the study was to determine and compare the antioxidant capacity of aqueous extracts of Costus spicatus leaf and rhizome for their antioxidant activity and radical scavenging potential. The in vitro antioxidant status of the aqueous extract of Costus spicatus leaf and rhizome was compared using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), H2O2, Nitric Oxide (NO), 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) and Ferric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay (FRAP). The total phenolics and flavonoid contents were also estimated quantitatively. The aqueous extract of Costus spicatus leaf and rhizome both have notable flavonoid content. However the rhizome had slightly higher phenolic content compared to the leaf. Both the leaf and rhizome of aqueous extract of Costus spicatus have notable antioxidant capacity when compared with the standard used. The aqueous extract of Costus spicatus rhizome showed higher antioxidant activity than the leaf in a concentration dependent manner. These results revealed that the aqueous extract of Costus spicatus leaf and rhizome has antioxidant capacity and scavenging potential, with the rhizome having the most notable capacity and therefore can be further explored in antioxidant research and in management of diseases related to oxidative stress.
The Role of Gender in Students' Academic Achievement: An Appraisal of COBEKS Artificial Intelligence Model, Simulation Games Model and Conventional Lecture Model
This quasi-experimental study investigated the influence of gender on students' academic achievement across three instructional models: conventional lectures, the COBEKS Artificial Intelligence Model (CAI), and the Simulation Games Model (SGM). A non-equivalent group design involved 500 SS2 students from four schools, assigned to experimental (CAI, SGM) and control groups. Instruments included the COBEKS Achievement Test (CAT, r=0.92) and the Challenges and Prospects Inventory Questionnaire (CPIQ, r=0.79). Five 45-minute intervention sessions covered AI, SGM, and contemporary topics. Data analysis used means, standard deviations, and effect size calculations. Findings unequivocally show that gender significantly influences academic achievement when students are taught using CAI and SGM, rejecting the null hypothesis. This aligns with recent scholarship on gender disparities in technology-enhanced learning (Kalim et al., 2025; Fadillah & Akbar, 2025), noting CAI's adaptive learning and personalised feedback likely contributed to its differentiated impact. While initial gender differences in AI literacy exist, targeted courses can mitigate them. We conclude that gender is a potent factor in academic attainment across varied instructional models. Recommendations, in line with the UNESCO 2024 "Women for Ethical AI" study, include adopting gender-sensitive approaches, targeted educator training, and inclusively designed instructional materials and AI models.
Perspective of Communiity Health Practitioners on Indoor Air Quality in Nigeria: Implications for Primary Health care and Environmental Health Promotion
Indoor air pollution (IAP) is a critical yet under-addressed health challenge in Nigeria, particularly affecting vulnerable populations due to the widespread use of biomass fuels and poor housing conditions. Community Health Practitioners (CHPs) are part of Nigeria's Primary Healthcare system and environmental health promotion; however, their awareness and engagement in indoor air quality (IAQ) interventions remain insufficiently documented. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 114 CHPs attending postgraduate and top-up programmes at Wesley University, Ondo, Nigeria. Participants were purposively selected to represent all six geopolitical zones of the country. A validated, self-administered questionnaire was used to assess knowledge, perceptions, and the influence of IAQ perspectives on health promotion practices. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and independent t-tests, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. The study revealed a significant level of awareness among CHPs about IAQ and its health implications. Practitioners with formal training in environmental health demonstrated greater knowledge (p = 0.022) and perceived IAQ as a significant public health concern (p = 0.032). Furthermore, CHP perspectives significantly influenced the integration of IAQ strategies into primary healthcare and community health education (p = 0.023). Community Health Practitioners in Nigeria possess substantial awareness of indoor air pollution and recognise its public health relevance. Their perspectives significantly impact IAQ strategy integration within primary healthcare systems. Strengthening their role through curriculum enhancement, targeted capacity building, and supportive policies is essential for sustainable IAQ management and improved population health outcomes.
Analysis of the Rate of Rent Default in Residential and Commercial Properties in Akure, Nigeria
The increasing rate of rent default in Nigerian urban centres discourages investment in rental housing. This study analysed rent default rates between residential and commercial properties in Akure to guide investors’ decision-making. Covering a ten-year period (2014–2023), the study focused on properties managed by Estate Surveyors and Valuers. Data were obtained from 20 registered estate surveying and valuation firms with at least ten years of operation and involved 48 residential and 32 commercial tenants. Frequency distribution tables, weighted mean scores, and trend analysis were used for data analysis. Findings revealed that economic conditions were the leading cause of rent default, ranking first with a mean score of 4.50, followed by unemployment with a mean score of 3.50. Rent default was more prevalent in residential properties than commercial properties, attributed to the higher eviction risk faced by commercial tenants, which could disrupt business operations. Professional perception also identified poor landlord–tenant relationships as a contributing factor, ranking sixth with a mean score of 3.00. The study recommends conducting background checks on prospective tenants, implementing government job creation and business support programmes, and adopting rent insurance to mitigate income losses from rent default.
Assessment of phytochemicals and in vitro Antioxidant Activity of Aqueous Extract of Wesley Herbal Tea
Wesley herbal tea is a blend of three medicinal plants—moringa, turmeric, and ginger—in equal proportions (1:1:1 w/w/w). These plants are widely used in traditional medicine for managing various ailments; however, limited information exists on their combined phytochemical composition in tea form. This study investigated the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant properties of the aqueous extract of Wesley herbal tea. Phytochemicals analysed included flavonoids, saponins, steroids, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, cardenolides, phenolics, terpenes, anthraquinones, and terpenoids. In vitro antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), nitric oxide (NO), ABTS, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays.Qualitative analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, steroids, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, cardenolides, terpenoids, phenolics, and terpenes. Quantitative analysis showed flavonoids (11.220±0.006 µg/ml), saponins (10.473±0.007 µg/ml), steroids (10.011±0.032 µg/ml), cardiac glycosides (8.147±0.007 µg/ml), alkaloids (6.433±0.033 µg/ml), tannins (2.323±0.009 µg/ml), cardenolides (2.213±0.009 µg/ml), terpenoids (2.033±0.033 µg/ml), phenolics (1.210±0.006 µg/ml), and terpenes (1.163±0.003 µg/ml). Wesley herbal tea exhibited higher antioxidant activity against ABTS and H₂O₂ than butylated hydroxytoluene, while showing lower scavenging activity against NO, DPPH, FRAP, and TAC. These findings support its health benefits and potential role in managing cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.
AN APPRAISAL OF WASTE DISPOSAL CHALLENGES IN ZOO ROAD HOUSING ESTATE, KANO MUNICIPAL LOCAL GOVERNMENT, KANO STATE, NIGERIA
The rapid urbanisation of Kano, Nigeria, has led to significant challenges in managing solid waste, particularly in areas like Zoo Road. The area's growing population, fuelled by commercial and industrial activities, has resulted in an unprecedented increase in waste generation, overwhelming existing waste management infrastructure. Streets were littered with refuse, including plastics, organic waste, and construction debris, contribute to environmental degradation, public health risks, and aesthetic decline. This study, on Zoo Road Housing Estate in Kano Municipal Local Government of Kano State, investigates waste management challenges with four objectives: identifying sewage, refuse, and drainage issues; assessing resident satisfaction; evaluating perceived problem severity; and proposing solutions. A quantitative survey design was employed, targeting residents of Zoo Road Housing Estate (population: ~200,000). A sample of 150 respondents was selected using simple random sampling. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire featuring Likert-scale and closed-ended questions. Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation) were used for analysis. Findings revealed significant issues, with 82.0% noting irregular refuse collection (M=3.22), 80.0% citing blocked drainage (M=3.20), and 76.0% reporting sewage overflow (M=3.08). Dissatisfaction was high, with 86.0% dissatisfied with waste facility availability (M=1.80) and 82.0% with drainage functionality (M=1.88). Problems were perceived as severe (78.0-80.0%, M=3.10-3.18). Recommendations include increasing refuse collection frequency, maintaining sewage and drainage systems, deploying additional waste facilities, and implementing community education campaigns. These findings underscore the need for infrastructural upgrades and community engagement to enhance waste management, offering actionable insights for policymakers to improve environmental quality and urban liveability in Zoo Road.
Antibiotic Resistance in Pathogenic Microorganisms: Implications for Management on Healthcare in the 21st Century
The menace of antibiotic resistance is of great concern globally making healthcare delivery much more challenging in the 21st century leading to a global health crisis. The study made use of a systematic (qualitative) review of peer-reviewed literature from 2016 to 2025, following the PRISMA-guided reviews by Gregory and Denniss with some modification. The findings showed that there is widespread resistance in pathogenic bacteria globally, in Africa, and in Nigeria, and middle to low-income countries are the most vulnerable. Several factors, such as misuse and overuse of antibiotics, over-the-counter antibiotic sales, growth-promoting and preventive use of antibiotics on healthy animals, and lack of or inadequate antibiotic resistance awareness, are responsible for the propagation of resistance. The result also identified bacteria species such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Enterococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Salmonella as the leading cause of antibiotic-resistant deaths. With this, last-line antibiotics such as the third generation and broad-spectrum cephalosporin, extended-spectrum ³-lactam antibiotics, vancomycin, colistin, methicillin, penicillin, carbapenems, and ampicillin are becoming substandard. Despite this, fewer novel antibiotics are entering the market to mitigate the situation. This study, therefore, concluded that antibiotic resistance represents a silent pandemic that demands urgent attention, and without effective action, the world may face a future where minor infections become untreatable. The study recommended that the government should embrace international collaboration because antimicrobial resistance is a transnational issue.
Assessment of Problems Confronting Effective Development Control in Ondo City, Ondo State, Nigeria
Development control is essential for regulating land use, guiding urban expansion, and ensuring orderly physical growth. Despite its importance, its implementation in Ondo City faces several challenges that limit its effectiveness. This study assessed the problems affecting effective development control in Ondo City by examining the institutional framework, identifying key constraints, and proposing strategies for improvement. A simple random sampling technique was used to administer structured questionnaires to 245 respondents, representing 0.05% of the city’s population of 491,953 and comprising residents and property developers. Due to homogeneity in occupation and income, 200 valid responses were analysed. A purposive sampling technique was also employed to collect data from development control officers. Findings revealed that development control in Ondo City is constrained by outdated planning policies, a shortage of skilled professionals, and the absence of a current master plan. Other challenges identified include unapproved developments, weak inspection systems, and limited public engagement, resulting in disorganised urban sprawl, inefficient land use, and a poorly regulated built environment. The study concludes that effective development control requires urgent institutional reforms, updated legal and planning frameworks, and increased public awareness. It recommends strengthening planning institutions at the state level through staff training, implementing sustained public enlightenment campaigns, and establishing dedicated monitoring teams to oversee and inspect new developments in order to improve compliance and promote sustainable urban development.